Updates
  • The International Journal of Biological Research (TIJOBR)- Published Quarterly
  • The International Journal of Global Sciences (TIJOGS) -Published Quarterly

Evaluation of genetic potential of Amaranthus sp. as an alternate crop in Pakistan


The International Journal of Biological Research (TIJOBR)

PDF
Muhammad Ahmad1*, Abu Bakar Siddique1, Abbas Shoukat2, Hafiza Hadiqa Anum3, Faisal Mushtaq4, Ahmad Bilal5, Muhammad Hamza Ishaq Rao1 and Muhammad Mubashar6
Corresponding author:  Muhammad Ahmad (Email: ahmad31710@gmail.com)
Submitted Accepted Published
Jun 08,2018 Dec 19,2018 Jan 10,2019

2019 / Vol: 2 / Issue: 1

Abstract


The Amaranthus genus has extraordinary morphological and biological features, which enable this group of plants to adapt a variety of environmental conditions. Moreover, shorter lifecycle made them more competitive than many other crops. The establishment of an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for Amaranth spp. Initially, surface sterilization of seeds was carried using ethanol and mercuric chloride. The protocols were found effective for controlling microbial contamination however, Amaranth seeds were found to be highly sensitive to even very dilute regents. Time of treatment was reduced to only five minutes, yet the %age germination remained zero. Hence, it was decided that seeds without surface sterilization should be germinated and plants without contamination should be rescued soon after germination. Seeds of different Amaranth lines germinated in this way yielded 88% germination in A-20, 69% in A-96, 62% in A-42 and 58% in A-21 line. The seeds were germinated in petri plates on MSO (MS medium without plant growth regulators) and shifted to jars having MS medium supplemented with 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 g/L of sucrose for further proliferation. Vigorous growth of plants was observed on MSO medium having 30% sucrose. Later, epicotyl region of Amaranth plants with vigorous growth were used as explant for in vitro callus induction and subsequent regeneration. For callus induction MS media supplemented with 2, 4-D and kinetin were used and all Amaranth lines exhibited variable response with 100% callus induction in A-21, 82% in A-42, 58% in A96 and in A-20 there was no callus induction at all. The calli were shifted to regeneration media having 2.4 µM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4.4 µM benzyl amino purine (BAP). In vitro regenerated plants were shifted to plastic pots having peat moss for acclimatization and further seed setting.
Key words: Amaranthus, in vitro regeneration, callus.

Reference


  1. Alvarez-Jubete, L., M. Auty, E.K. Arendt and E. Gallagher. 2010. Baking properties and microstructure of pseudocereal flours in gluten-free bread formulations. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 230(3):437.
  2. Bennici, A., and S. Schiff. 1997. Micropropagation of Amaranthus (Amaranth). In High-Tech and Micropropagation.20-29.
  3. Bodroža‐Solarov, M.A.R.I.J.A., B. Filipčev,Z.  Kevrešan,A. Mandić and O. Šimurina. 2008. Quality of bread supplemented with popped Amaranthus cruentus grain. J. Food Process Eng. 31(5):602-618.
  4. Budin, J. T., W. M. Breene and D. H. Putnam. 1996. Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eight Amaranthusspecies. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 73(4):475-481.
  5. Coimbra, S. and R. Salema. 1994. Amaranthus hypochondriacus: Seed structure and localization of seed reserves. Ann. Bot. 74: 373-379.
  6. Flores, H.E., A.  Their  and A.W. Galston. 1982. In vitro culture of grain and vegetable amaranths (Amaranthus spp.). Am. J.  Bot.1049-1054.
  7. Gamel, T.H., P.L. Jozef, S.M. Ahmed, A.D. Ahmed and A.S. Lila. 2006. Seed treatments affect- functional and antinutritional properties of amaranth flours. J. Sci. Food Agric.86(7):1095-1102.
  8. George and Sherrington. 1984. Plant propagation by tissue culture. Eastern press, Reading, Berks, Great Britain.110-145.
  9. He, H.P., Y. Cai, M. Sun and H. Corke. 2002. Extraction and purification of squalene from Amaranthus grain. J. Agric. Food Chem.50(2):368-372.
  10. Jofre-Garfias, A.E., N. Villegas-Sepúlveda, J.L. Cabrera-Ponce,R.M. Adame-Alvarez, L. Herrera-Estrella and J. Simpson 1997. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Amaranthushypochondriacus: light-and tissue-specific expression of a pea chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter. Plant Cell Rep16(12):847-852.
  11. Jones, J.M. 2009. The second C&E spring meeting and third international whole grain global summit. Cereal Foods World54:132-135.
  12. Kishima, Y., A. Shimaya, and T. Adachi. 1995. Evidence that blue light induces betalain pigmentation in Portulaca callus. Plant cell tissue and organ cult.43(1): 67-70.
  13. Kostov K., 1999. Textbook fodder. Plovdiv.
  14. Mlakar, S.G., M. Turinek,M. Jakop,M. Bavec and F. Bavec.2010. Grain amaranth as an alternative and perspective crop in temperate climate. J.Geograh., 5(1):135-145.
  15. Moreno, D.A., C. García-Viguera, J.I. Gil and A. Gil-Izquierdo. 2008. Betalains in the era of global agri food science, technology and nutritional health. Phytochem.7(2):261-280.
  16. Mujica-Sánchez, A. and M. Berti. 1997. El cultivo del Amaranto (Amaranthus spp.): producción, mejoramiento genético y utilización. FAO, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe.
  17. Oszvald, M., C. Tamás, M. Rakszegi, S. Tömösközi, F. Békés and L. Tamás. 2009. Effects of incorporated amaranth albumins on the functional properties of wheat dough. J. Food Sci. Agric.  89(5):882-889.
  18. Patel, N. 2013. Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of silver and gold nanoparticles from the leaf and callus extracts of Amaranthus dubius, Gunnera perpensa, Ceratotheca triloba and Catharanthus roseus (doctoral dissertation).
  19. Peters, I. and S. Jain. 1987. Genetics of grain amaranths: III. Gene-cytoplasmic male sterility. Journal of Heredity, 78(4):251-256.
  20. Qiao, D., C. Ke,B.  Hu, J. Luo, H. Ye, Y. Sun, X.  Yan and X. Zeng. 2009. Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Hyriopsis cumingii. Carbohydr. Polym. 78(2):199-204.
  21. Smith, F.I. and P. Eyzaguirre. 2007. African leafy vegetables: their role in the World Health Organisation's global fruit and vegetables initiative. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 7:1–11.
  22. Stintzing, F.C. and C. Reinhold. 2004. Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends food Sci. Technol.15(1):19-38.
  23. Stintzing, F.C. and R. Carle. 2007. Betalains–emerging prospects for food scientists. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 18(10):514-525.
  24. Tee, C.S., M. Maziah and C.S. Tan. 2008. Induction of in vitro flowering in the orchid Dendrobium Sonia 17. Biol. Planta. 52(4):723-726.
  25. VAN, M.T.T. 1973. In vitro control of de novo flower, bud, root, and callus differentiation from excised epidermal tissues. Nature. 246(5427):44
  26. Wink, M. 2000. Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology. Annual Plant Reviews Vol. 3. CRC Press LLC, Florida, U.S.A. 410 p.
  27. Žiauka, J. and S. Kuusienė. 2010. Different inhibitors of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway elicit varied responses during in vitro culture of aspen (Populus tremula L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 102(2):221-228.

© Copy Rights
By Authors and RnD Journals.
http://rndjournals.com

© 2018 RnD Journals. All Rights Reserved.